Skip to main content
Xueyan Song
Professor, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Statler College of Engineering Mineral Resources
WVU Home

Publications

* Xueyan Song as Corresponding author, • Student from Song’s group

  1. C. Romo-De-La-Cruz•, Y. Chen, L. Liang•, X. Song *, Significant Thermoelectric Performance Improvement Through Manipulating Dopants Distribution in Lattice and Segregation at Grain Boundary Dopants, Nature Energy (to be submitted).
  2. Y. Chen, K. Gerdes, H. Abernathy, G. Hacket, X. Song *, Evidence of Space Charge Layer Evolution at YSZ Grain Boundaries upon Long Term Electrochemical Operation of SOFCs, Chemistry of Materials (to be submitted).
  3. C. Romo-De-La-Cruz•, C. Boyle•, P. Cavillo•, Y. Chen, L. Liang• X. Song *, Effect of Bi-nonstoichimoetric Addition on the Thermoelectric Performance Enhancement of Calcium Cobaltite, Ceram. Int. (to be submitted).
  4. S. Paredes-Navia•, L. Liang•, Y. Chen, X. Song *, Impact of the Bi substation and non-stoichiometric addition on the microstructure and performance of thermometric oxide, J. Alloy. Compd. (to be submitted).
  5. S. Paredes-Navia•, L. Liang•, Y. Chen, X. Song *, Tuning the performance of thermoelectric oxide ceramics through adjusting the sintering temperature, J. Solid State Chemistry (to be submitted).
  6. S. Paredes-Navia•, L. Liang•, Y. Chen, X. Song *, Influence of the oxygen stoichiometry the performance and nanostructure of oxide thermoelectric ceramics, J. Applied Physics (to be submitted).
  7. Y. Chen, K. Gerdes, S. Paredes-Navia•, L. Liang•, A. Hinerman•, X. Song *, Conformal Electrocatalytic Surface Nanoionics for Accelerating High-Temperature Electrochemical Reactions in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Nano Letter (2019) Accepted.
  8. Chen Y, Liang L•, Paredes Navia S•, Hinerman A•, Gerdes K, Song X *. Synergetic Interaction of Additive Dual Nano Catalysts to Accelerate Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Fuel Cells Cathode. ACS Catalysis. 9 (2019) 6664-6671.
  9. Wang L-C, Zhang Y, Xu J, Diao W, Karakalos S, Liu B, Song X. Non-oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane to Ethylene over ZSM-5 Zeolite Supported Iron Catalysts. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental . 256 (2019) 117816.
  10. Chen Y, Fan Y, Lee S, Hackett G, Abernathy H, Gerdes K, Song X *. Interface and grain boundary degradation in LSM-YSZ composite Solid Oxide Fuel Cell cathodes operated in humidified air. J. Power Sources 438 (2019) 227043.
  11. Liang L•, Romo-De-La-Cruz C•, Carvilo P•, Jackson B•, Gemmen E•, Paredes-Navia SA•, Song X *. Difference between transition metal cation substitution and Nonstoichiometric addition on nanostructure and thermoelectric performance of complex oxide ceramics. J. Solid State Chemistry. 277 (2019) 427-33.
  12. Chen Y, Hinerman A•, Liang L•, Gerdes K, Paredes-Navia S•, Prucz J, Song X *. Conformal coating of cobalt oxide on solid oxide fuel cell cathode and resultant continuously increased oxygen reduction reaction kinetics upon operation. J. Power Sources 405 (2018) 45-50.
  13. X. Song *, S. Paredes-Navia•, L. Liang•, C. Boyle•, C. Romo-De-La-Cruz•, B. Jackson•, A. Hinerman•, M. Wilt•, J. Prucz, Y. Chen, Grain Boundary Phase Segregation for Dramatic Improvement of the Thermoelectric Performance of Oxide Ceramics, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 45 (2018) 39018-24.
  14. Y. Chen, K. Gerdes, L. Liang•, A. Hinerman•, S. Paredes-Navia•, X. Song *, Conformal Coating of Catalytic Cobalt Oxide on SOFC Cathode and Resultant Continuously Increased Oxygen Reduction Reaction Kinetics upon Operation, J. Power Sources 405 (2018) 45-50.
  15. Y. Fan, Y. Chen, H. Abernathy, R. Pineault, X. Song, J. Liu, K. Gerdes, S. Lee, T. Yang, T. Kalapos, and G. Hackett, Improved long term performance stability of sr-fe-o infiltrated lsm/ysz solid oxide fuel cells under high steam and high temperature, ECS Trans. 85 (2018) 1227-1287.
  16. C. Romo-De-La-Cruz•, L. Liang•, S. Paredes-Navia•, Y. Chen, J. Prucz, and X. Song * , Role of Oversized Dopant Potassium on the Nanostructure and Thermoelectric Performance of Calcium Cobaltite Ceramics, Sustainable Energy & Fuel . 2 (2018) 876-881.
  17. C. Boyle•, L. Liang•, C. Romo-De-La-Cruz•, R. Johnson•, Y. Chen, J. Prucz, E. Cakmak, T. R. Watkins, E. Lara-Curzio, and X. Song *, Improving the Thermoelectric Performance and Thermal Stability of Ca3Co4O9+δ Ceramics by Sintering in Oxygen Atmosphere, J. Sol-Gel Science and Technology . 85 (2018) 712-722.
  18. C. Boyle•, L. Liang•, Y. Chen, J. Prucz, E. Cakmak, T. Watkins, E. Lara-Curzio, X. Song *, Competing Dopants Grain Boundary Segregation and Resultant Seebeck Coefficient and Power Factor Enhancement of Thermoelectric Calcium Cobaltite Ceramics, Ceram. Int. 43 (2017) 11523-11528.
  19. W. Wong-Ng, K. Talley, S. Barron, N. Nguyen, J. Martin, Y. Zhang, X. Song , Thermoelectric properties of the LaCoO3-LaCrO3 system using a high-throughput combinatorial approach, Solid State Sciences , 64 (2017) 7-12.
  20. Y. Fan, X. Song, H. Abernathy, Y. Chen, R. Pineault, J. Liu, K. Gerdes, S. Lee, T. Kalapos, and G. Hackett， Long Term Performance Stability Tests of Ba-Fe-O Infiltrated LSM/YSZ Solid Oxide Fuel Cells under High Steam and High Current. ECS Trans. 78 (2017) 1003-1010.
  21. Y. Chen, K. Gerdes, X. Song*, Nanoionics and Nanocatalysts: Conformal Mesoporous Surface Scaffold for Cathode of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, Scientific Reports 6 (2016) 32997.
  22. C. Boyle•, P. Cavillo•, Y. Chen, E. Barbero, D. Mcintyre, X. Song *, Grain Boundary Segregation and Thermoelectric Performance Enhancement of Bismuth Doped Calcium Cobaltite. J. European Ceramic Society , 36 (2016) 601-607.
  23. P. Cavillo•, Y. Chen, C. Boyle•, P. Barnes X. Song *, Thermoelectric Performance of Calcium Cobaltite through Barium Grain Boundary Segregation. Inorganic Chemistry, 54 (2015) 9027-9032.
  24. X. Song *, D. McIntyre, X. Chen•, E. Barbero, Y. Chen, Phase Evolution and Thermoelectric Performance of Calcium Cobaltite upon High Temperature Aging. Ceram. Int. 41 (2015) 11069-11074.
  25. X. Song *; S. Lee; Y. Chen; K. Gerdes, Electrochemically Influenced Cation Inter-Diffusion and Co3O4 formation in SOFC Cathodes Infiltrated with La0.6Sr0.4CoO3, Solid State Ionics 278 (2015) 91–97.
  26. G. Hackett, K. Gerdes, Y.Chen, X. Song , and J. Zondlo, Performance Impact Associated With Ni-Based SOFCs Fueled With Higher Hydrocarbon Doped Coal Syngas, Metallurgical and Materials Transctions E , 2 (2015) 58-69.
  27. H. Abernathy, H.O. Finklea, D.S. Mebane, X. Song, Y. Chen, K. Gerdes, "Examination of the mechanism for the reversible aging behavior at open circuit when changing the operating temperature of (La0.8Sr0.2)0.95MnO3 electrodes", Solid State Ionics, 272 (2015) 144-154.
  28. T. Joshi, T. R Senty, R. Trappen, J. Zhou, S. Chen•, P. Ferrari, P. Borisov, X. Song , M. B Holcomb, A. D. Bristow, A. Cabrera, and D. Lederman, Structural and magnetic properties of epitaxial delafossite CuFeO2 thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition , J. Applied Physics 117 (2015) 013908.
  29. Ö. N. Dog˘an, X. Song, D. Palacio•, M. C. Gao, Coherent precipitation in a high-temperature Cr–Ni–Al–Ti Alloy, J Mater. Sci . 49 (2014) 805-810.
  30. Y. Gong, R. Patel, X. Liang, D. Palacio•, X. Song , John B. Goodenough, and Kevin Huang, Atomic Layer Deposition Functionalized Composite SOFC Cathode La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3-δ-Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9: Enhanced Long-Term Stability, Chem. Mater . 25 (2013) 4224−4231.
  31. Gong, Y.; Palacio, D.•; Song, X. *; Patel, R.; Liang, X.; Zhao, X.; Goodenough, J.; Huang, K., Stabilizing Nanostructured Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathode with Atomic Layer Deposition, Nano Letters , 13 (2013) 4340-4345.
  32. A. Shyam, R. Trejo, D. McClurg, A. Ladouceur, M. Kirkham, X. Song, Jane Howe, Edgar Lara-Curzio, Microstructural evolution in two alkali multicomponent silicate glasses as a result of long-term exposure to solid oxide fuel cell environments, J Mater Sci. 48 (2013) 5880–5898.
  33. Lazarus, N. Meyer, C. D., Bedair, S. S., Song, X., Boteler, L. M., Kierzewski, I. M., Thick film oxidation of copper in an electroplated MEMS process, J. Micromech. Microeng. 23 (2013) 065017.
  34. Ö. Doğan, X. Song , S. Chen•, M.C. Gao, Microstructural Study of High-Temperature Cr-Ni-Al-Ti Alloys Supported by First-Principles Calculations, Intermetallic , 35 (2013) 33- 40.
  35. O. Dogan; R. Hu; X. Song ; S. Chen•; M. Gao, Ordered bcc phases in a Cu-Pd-Mg hydrogen separation membrane alloy, J. Alloy. Compd. 528 (2012) 10-15.
  36. Ö. Doğan, S. Chen, X. Song , J. Sears, “One-dimensional compositional modulations in Cr-V-C Compounds”, J. Alloy. Compd. 509 (2011) 6556–6560.
  37. Y. Chen, X. Song *, S. Chen•, I. Celik, J. Zondolo, G. Hackett, K. Gerdes Effect of PH3 contamination on the Nanostructure and Chemistry of YSZ Electrolyte in SOFC, Solid State Ionics 234 (2013) 25-32.
  38. X. Song *, “Atomic structure and chemistry of dense nanoprecipitates in MgB2 superconductor”, Ceram. Int. 39 (2013) 4229-4305.
  39. S. Chen•, X. Song *, X. Chen, Y. Chen, E. Barbero, E. Thomas, P. Barnes, Effect of precursor calcination temperature on the microstructure and thermoelectric properties of Ca3Co4O9 ceramics, J Sol-Gel Sci Techno l, 64 (2012) 627–636.
  40. S. Chen•, Y. Chen, H. Finklea, G. Hackett, X. Song *, K. Gerdes “Crystal defects of yittria-stabilized zirconia in the solid oxide of fuel cells and their evolution upon cell operation”, Solid State Ionics , 206 (2012) 104-111.
  41. G. Hackett, K. Gerdes, X. Song, Y. Chen, V. Shutthanandan, M. Engelhard, Z. Zhu, S. Thevuthasan, R. Gemmen, Performance of solid oxide fuel cells operated with coal syngas provided directly from a gasification process, J. Power Sources, 214 (2012) 142-152.
  42. X. Song *, Y. Chen, S. Chen•, E. Barbero, E.L. Thomas, P. Barnes, Significant enhancement of electrical transport properties of thermoelectric Ca3Co4O9+δ through Yb doping. Solid State Commun., 152 (2012) 1509-1512.
  43. B. Nielsen, K. Gerdes, W. O’Connor, X. Song, & H. Abernathy, Partitioning of Coal Contaminants in the Components of Liquid Tin Anode Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, J. Power Sources, 211 (2012) 192-201.
  44. Y. Chen, S. Chen•, H. Finklea, X. Song *, G. Hackett, K. Gerdes, “Microstructure and chemistry evolution of triple phase boundaries in the anode of solid oxide fuel cells”, Solid State Ionics, 204-205, (2011) 87-90.
  45. C.A. Paulson, S. Jha, X. Song, M. Rathi, S.E. Babcock, L. Mawst, T.F. Kuech, The effect of helium ion implantation on the relaxation of strained InGaAs thin films, Thin Solid Films Thin Solid Films 520 (2011) 2147-2154
  46. Jha, S.; Wiedmann, M. K.; Kuan, T.; Song, X.; Babcock, S.; Kuech, T., Growth behavior and defect reduction in heteroepitaxial InAs and GaSb on GaAs using block copolymer lithography. J. Cryst. Growth 315 (2011) 91-95.
  47. M. Seehra , V. Singh, X. Song , S. Bali and E. Eyring, “Synthesis, structure and magnetic properties of non-crystalline ferrihydrite nanoflakes”, J. Physics and Chemistry of Solids , 71 (2010) 1362-1366.
  48. J. Kirch, T. Garrod, S. Kim, J. Park, J. Shin, L. Mawst, T. Kuech, X. Song , S. Babcock, I. Vurgaftman, J. Meyer and T. Kuan, “InAsyP1−y metamorphic buffer layers on InP substrates for mid-IR diode lasers”, J. Crystal Growth 312 (2010) 1165-1169.
  49. Rathi, M.; Khandekar, A.; Song, X. ; Babcock, S.; Mawst, L.; Kuech, T., High antimony content GaAs1−zNz–GaAs1−ySby type-II “W” structure for long wavelength emission. J. Applied Physics 106 (2009) 063713.
  50. Huang, J.; Mawst, L.; Kuech, T.; Song, X. ; Babcock, S.; Kim, C.; Vurgaftman, I.; Meyer, J.; Holmes Jr, A., Design and characterization of strained InGaAs/GaAsSb type-II ‘W’quantum wells on InP substrates for mid-IR emission. J. Physics D: Applied Physics 42 (2008) 025108.
  51. X. Song *, S. Babcock, C. Paulson, T. Kuech, J. Huang, D. Xu, J. Park, L. Mawst, Nanostructure of GaAs0.88Sb0.10N0.02/InP quantum wells grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on InP, J. Cryst. Growth 310 (2008) 2377-2381.
  52. Jha, S.; Song, X.; Babcock, S.; Kuech, T.; Wheeler, D.; Wu, B.; Fay, P.; Seabaugh, A., Growth of InAs on Si substrates at low temperatures using metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. J. Cryst. Growth 310 (2008) 4772-4775.
  53. J. Huang, D. Xu, X. Song, S. Babcock, T. Kuech, L. Mawst, “Growth of strained GaAs1-ySby and GaAs1-y-zSbyNz quantum wells on InP substrates”, J. Cryst. Growth 310 (2008) 2382-2389.
  54. T. Kuech, A. Khandekar, M. Rathi, L. Mawst, J. Huang, X. Song , S. Babcock, J. Meyer and I. Vurgaftman, “MOVPE growth of antimonide containing alloy materials for long wavelength applications”, J. Cryst. Growth 310 (2008) 4826-4830.
  55. D. Xu, J. Huang, J. Park, L. Mawst, T. Kuech, X. Song, S. Babcock, “Annealing of dilute-nitride GaAsSbN/InP strained multiple quantum wells”, Applied Physics Letters, 91 (2007) 191909.
  56. J. Huang, D. Xu, J. Park, L. Mawst, T. Kuech, X. Song , S. Babcock, I. Vurgaftman, and J. Meyer, “Characteristics of strained GaAs1-ySby quantum wells on InP substrates”, J. Physics D: Applied Physics , 40 (2007) 7656-7661.
  57. Z. Chen, M. Feldamnn, X. Song , D. Larbalestier, “Three-dimensional vortex pinning behavior in a Sm-doped YBa2Cu3O7-x coated conductor with a high density of nano-precipitates”, Supercond. Sci. Technol., 20 (2007) S205.
  58. A. Khandekar, J. Yeh, L. Mawst, X. Song , S. Babcock and T. Kuech, “Effects of Ga- and Sb-precursor chemistry on the alloy composition in pseudomorphically strained GaAs1−ySby films grown via metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy”, J. Cryst. Growth 303 (2007) 456-465.
  59. A. Khandekar, J. Yeh, L. Mawst, X. Song , S. Babcock, T. Kuech, Growth of strained GaAs1-ySby layers using metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, J. Cryst. Growth 298 (2007) 154-158.
  60. X. Song *, “(110) facets and dislocation structure of low-angle grain boundaries in YBa2Cu3O7-d and Y0.7Ca0.3Ba2Cu3O7-d thin film bicrystals”, J. Materials Research , 22 (2007) 950-957.
  61. Y. Chen, C. Sequeira, X. Song , C. Chen, “Effect of amorphous transformation on the electrochemical capacity of rare-earth Mg-based alloys”, Z. Phys. Chem , 220 (2006) 631-639.
  62. X. Song *, Z. Chen, S. Kim, M. Feldmann, D. Larbalestier, J. Reeves, Y. Xie, V. Selvamanickam, “Evidence for Enhanced Flux-pinning by Small, Dense nanoprecipitates in a Sm-doped YBa2Cu3O7-d coated conductor”, Applied Physics Letters, 88 (2006) 212508.
  63. S. Kim, A. Gurevich, X. Song , X. Li, W. Zhang, T. Kodenkandath, M. Rupich, T. Holesinger and D. Larbalestier, “Mechanisms of weak thickness dependence of the critical current density in strong-pinning ex situ metal–organic-deposition-route YBa2Cu3O7−d coated conductors”, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 19 (2006) 968.
  64. Ijaduola, J. Thompson, R. Feenstra, D. Christen, A. Gapud, and X. Song , “Critical currents of ex situ YBa2Cu3O7-d thin films on rolling assisted biaxially textured substrates: thickness, field, and temperature dependencies”, Physical Review B , 73 (2006) 134502.
  65. X. Song , G. Daniels, M. Feldmann, A. Guriech, D. Larbalestier, “Electromagnetic, atomic structure and chemistry changes induced by Ca-doping of low-angle YBa2Cu3O7-d grain boundaries”, Nature Materials, 4 (2005) 470-475. Accompanying News & Views article published in Nature Materials: J. Mannhart and D. Muller, “Superconductors-catching dopants in Action”, Nature Materials 4 (2005) 431-432. Highlighted in the cover page of Nature Materials 4 (2005).
  66. X. Song *, V. Braccini, D. Larbalestier, “Inter- and intra-granular nanostructure and possible spinodal decomposition in low resistivity bulk MgB2 with varying critical fields”, J. Materials Research, 19 (8) (2004) 2245-2255.
  67. A. Gurevich, S. Patnaik, V. Braccini, K. Kim, C. Meilke, X. Song, L. Cooley S. Bu, D. Kim, J. Choi, L. Belenky, J. Giencke, M. Lee, W. Tian, X. Pan, A. Siri, E. Hellstrom, C. Eom, D. Larbalestier, “Very high upper critical fields in MgB2 produced by selective tuning of impurity scattering”, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 17 (2004) 278-286.
  68. X. Song *, Y. Chen, C. Sequeira, Y. Lei, Q. Wang, Z. Zhang, “Microstructure evolution of bcc structure related Ti-Zr-Ni phases in non-stoichiometric Zr-based Zr-Ti-Mn-V-Ni hydride electrode alloys”, J. Materials Research, 18 (2003) 37-44.
  69. L. Cooley, X. Song , D. Larbalestier, “Improving flux pinning at high fields in intermetallic compounds: Clues from MgB2 and MgCNi3”, IEEE T APPL SUPERCON, 13 (2003) 3280-3283.
  70. J. Wang, Y. Bugoslavsky, L. Cowey, A. Berenov, A. Caplin, L. Cohen, J. MacManus Driscoll, L. Cooley, X. Song, D. Larbalestier, “High in-field Jc's in bulk MgB2 by a scaleable, nano-particle addition route, Applied Physics Letters, 81 (2002) 2026-2028.
  71. X. Song *, S. Babcock, C. Eom, D. Larbalestier, K. Regan, R. Cava, S. Bud’Ko, P. Canfield, and D. Finnemore, “Anisotropic grain morphology, crystallographic texture and their implications for flux pinning mechanisms in MgB2 pellets, filaments and thin films”, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 15 (2002) 511-518.
  72. L. Cooley, X. Song , J. Jiang, D. Larbalestier, T. He, K. Regan, and R. Cava, “Core pinning by intragranular nanoprecipitates in polycrystalline MgCNi3”, Physical Review B, 65 (2002) 214518.
  73. S. Patnaik, L. Cooley, A. Gurevich, A. Polyanskii, J. Jiang, X. Cai, A. Squitieri, M. Naus, M. Lee, J. Choi, L. Belenky, S. Bu, J. Letteri, X. Song , D. Schlom, S. Babcock, C. Eom, E. Hellstrom, and D. Larbalestier, “Electronic anisotropy, magnetic field-temperature phase diagram and their dependence on resistivity in c-axis oriented MgB2 thin films”, Supercond. Sci. Technol. 14 (2001) 315-319.
  74. Y. Chen, C. Sequeira, X. Song , R. Neto, Q. Wang, “Polytypism of La-Ni phases in multicomponent AB5 type hydride electrode alloys”, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 27 (1) (2002) 63-68.
  75. C. Eom, M. Lee, J. Choi, L. Belenky, X. Song , L. Cooley, M. Naus, S. Patnaik, J. Jiang, M. Rikel, A. Polyanskii, A. Gurevich, X. Cai, S. Bu, S. Babcock, E. Hellstrom, D. Larbalestier, N. Rogado, K. Regan, M. Hayward, T. He, J. Slusky, K. Inumaru, M. Haas, and R. Cava, “High critical current density and enhanced irreversibility field in superconducting MgB2 thin films”, Nature , 411 (2001) 558-560.
  76. X. Song *, Y. Chen, Z. Zhang, Y.Q. Lei, X.B. Zhang, Q.D. Wang, “Microstructure and electrochemical properties of Ti-containing AB2 type hydrogen storage electrode alloy”, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 25 (2000) 649-656.
  77. X. Song *, Z. Zhang, X. Zhang, Y. Lei, and Q. Wang, “Effect of Ti substitution on the microstructure and electrochemical properties of Zr-Mn-V-Ni system alloys”, J. Materials Research, 14 (1999) 1279-1285.
  78. X. Song *, X. Zhang, Y. Lei, Z. Zhang, Q. Wang, “Effect of microstructure on the electrochemical properties of Zr-Mn-V-Ni system AB2 type hydride electrode alloys”, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 24 (1999) 455-459.
  79. G. Lu, L. Chen, X. Hu, J. Gu, K. Shu, X. Song, Y. Lei, Q. Wang, Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 35 (1999) 453.
  80. X. Zhang, X. Yang, X. Song, Y. Lei, Q. Wang, Z. Zhang, TEM investigation of ZrO2 in Zr(Ni0.55VxMn0.45-x)2 hydrogen storage alloys, J. Alloy. Compd. 293 (1999) 101-106.
  81. G. Lu, K. Shu, L. Chen, X. Song, X. Yang, Y. Lei, Q. Wang, Structure study on rapidly solidified hydrogen storage alloy Zr(NiM)2.1, J. Alloy. Compd. 293 (1999) 107.
  82. X. Song *, X. Zhang, Y. Lei, Z. Zhang and Q. Wang, “Correlation between the microstructure and electrochemical properties of Zr-based AB2 type hydride electrode alloys”, Acta Metallurgica Sinica, 34 (1998) 977.
  83. X. Song *, T. Jing, W. Liu and Y. Zheng, “Continuous cooling transformation of V-Ti added low carbon low alloyed steels”, Iron and Steel, 33 (1998) 46.